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- WORLD, Page 40MISCELLANYPlaying the Name Game
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- How Burma became Myanma
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- When a country's name disappears from the map, it is often
- the result of conquest or collapse. But there is a less violent
- explanation that proves the pen is at least as mighty as the
- sword. Perhaps the country has merely changed its name.
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- The most recent case is Burma, which has just renamed
- itself Myanma (pronounced Mee-ahn-ma), the name the Burmese,
- oops, the Myanmans, have always preferred. In April Cambodia,
- which since 1976 had been known as Kampuchea, became Cambodia
- again. That was the fifth time in the past 20 years that the
- country has changed its name. Prince Norodom Sihanouk, the
- Cambodian resistance leader who is notorious for his own
- shifting stance on his country, has at least found a way to keep
- up with its changing names. When he speaks English, he calls the
- country Cambodia. When he speaks Khmer, he calls it Kampuchea.
- When he speaks French, he refers to it as Cambodge.
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- No international laws govern the christening of countries:
- the label that sticks is determined by the tastes or even the
- sanity of its rulers. Anti-colonialism, however, is the most
- common rationale for national renaming. During the 1950s and
- '60s, anti-colonialism swept through the newly independent
- nations of Africa. The Gold Coast dubbed itself Ghana, in honor
- of an ancient African empire that was located hundreds of miles
- from the modern nation. When the Belgian Congo became
- independent in 1960, it renamed itself the Republic of the
- Congo. Eleven years later, President Joseph Mobutu rechristened
- it the Republic of Zaire. A year later, he took his policy of
- "authenticity" personally, renaming himself Mobutu Sese Seko
- Kuku Nbgendu Wa Za Banga, which means, more or less, "the
- all-powerful warrior who will go from conquest to conquest
- trailing fire in his wake."
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- Sometimes rulers decide it is best to leave well enough
- alone. Filipinos have long bristled at the colonialistic
- implications of calling their country the Philippines, in honor
- of Philip II of Spain. During the regime of Ferdinand Marcos,
- there was a campaign to rename the country Maharlika, a native
- word meaning noble and aristocratic. Plans for the rechristening
- proceeded apace until an academic pointed out that the word was
- probably derived from Sanskrit. Fine, its proponents said,
- Sanskrit is a non-imperialist language. Yes, replied the
- scholar, but Maharlika was most likely derived from the words
- maha lingam, meaning "great phallus." That was the end of the
- campaign.
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